克雷白氏肺炎菌 (Klebsiella pneumoniae) 屬於革蘭氏陰性腸內菌科(Enterobacteraceae)是一種伺機性感染的病原細菌,平時少量存在於健康人體的呼吸道或腸道中,對免疫力下降的病人會造成嚴重感染,可引起肺炎、敗血症 、腦膜炎、肝膿瘍、眼內炎、泌尿系統發炎,或是傷口感染等,若治療不當則死亡率極高 (2, 3, 10, 18)。 在台灣地區,造成化膿性肝膿瘍的菌株中,以Klebsiella pneumoniae最為常見,其分離率由早期的30% (1977年)躍升至80%(1996年)。 在糖尿病患者合併肝膿瘍的致病菌珠分析中發現,Klebsiella pneumoniae佔所有分離菌株的97%,而大腸桿菌(Escherichia coli)與其他的腸內菌分別只佔2%與1%,這個現象與西方國家的肝膿瘍致病菌株以大腸桿菌,鏈球菌(Streptococcus spp.)和厭氧菌為主有很大的差異, 因此近年來Klebsiella pneumoniae的在台灣地區表現的獨特感染行為逐漸引起廣泛注意。

Klebsiella pneumoniae是院內感染常見的菌種之一,且多數的分離株都為多重抗藥性的菌種,在治療上造成極大的困擾,值得注意的是已有10% - 20%的院內感染菌株產生廣效性頭孢子黴素水解酵素(Extended spectrum -lactamases; ESBLs)(1, 4, 9, 11, 17),嚴重的抗藥性讓Klebsiella pneumoniae成為醫療感控問題中的燙手山芋。 如何預防Klebsiella pneumoniae感染,早期診斷以及有效治療受到抗藥菌株感染的病患實是當務之急。 然而,發展有效可行的抗菌策略實需仰賴我們對該菌致病機轉的深入瞭解。

根據文獻報告,已知的Klebsiella pneumoniae 致病相關毒力因子包括:(1)細菌表面抗原:如莢膜多醣體(capsular polysaccharides),莢膜可使細菌具有抗吞噬(anti-phagocytosis)、抗血清殺菌(即補體系統)的能力;此外脂多醣體(lipopolysaccharides)除具有類似莢膜的作用外亦會引發宿主產生敗血性休克的免疫反應 (12, 13, 15)。 (2)黏附因子:細菌常藉由表面黏附蛋白與宿主細胞受器的作用來達到附著的目的,如第一型與第三型的線毛(type I and type III fimbriae) (16)以及非線毛型的黏附蛋白CF29K 與KPF28 (6-8)。 (3)細菌競爭宿主體內鐵質來源的能力:即奪取鐵的系統(iron acquisition system),主要為siderophores,此類物質對鐵離子具有極高的親和力,在Klebsiella pneumoniae 中可以分成enterochelin 以及aerobactin兩種 (5, 14)。 除此之外,我們對於Klebsiella pneumoniae 的致病機轉仍不清楚。

克雷白氏肺炎桿菌的致病相關因子

克雷白氏菌落的黏性因子

參考文獻:

  1. Asensio, A., A. Oliver, P. Gonzalez-Diego, F. Baquero, J. C. Perez-Diaz, P. Ros, J. Cobo, M. Palacios, D. Lasheras, and R. Canton. 2000. Outbreak of a multiresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain in an intensive care unit: antibiotic use as risk factor for colonization and infection. Clin Infect Dis 30:55-60.
  2. Bergogne-Berezin, E. 1995. Treatment and prevention of nosocomial pneumonia. Chest 108:26S-34S.
  3. Carpenter, J. L. 1990. Klebsiella pulmonary infections: occurrence at one medical center and review. Rev Infect Dis 12:672-82.
  4. Christensen, S. C. a. B. K. 1972. An endemic caused by multiresistant klebsiella in an urological unit. Scand J Urol Nephrol 6:232-238.
  5. de Lorenzo, V., and J. L. Martinez. 1988. Aerobactin production as a virulence factor: a reevaluation. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 7:621-9.
  6. Domenico, P., R. J. Salo, A. S. Cross, and B. A. Cunha. 1994. Polysaccharide capsule-mediated resistance to opsonophagocytosis in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Infect Immun 62:4495-9.
  7. Domenico, P., S. Schwartz, and B. A. Cunha. 1989. Reduction of capsular polysaccharide production in Klebsiella pneumoniae by sodium salicylate. Infect Immun 57:3778-82.
  8. Domenico, P., J. M. Tomas, S. Merino, X. Rubires, and B. A. Cunha. 1999. Surface antigen exposure by bismuth dimercaprol suppression of Klebsiella pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide. Infect Immun 67:664-9.
  9. Hill, H. R., C.E. Hunt, and J.M. Matsen. 1974. Nosocomial colonization with Klebsiella, type 26, in a neonatal intensive-care unit associated with an outbreak of sepsis, meningitis, and necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr 85:415-419.
  10. Kaushik, S. L., et al. 1998. Neonatal sepsis in hospital born babies. J Commun Dis 30:147-152.
  11. Mayhall, C. G., et al. 1980. Nosocomial klebsiella infection in a neonatal unit: identification of risk factors for gastrointestinal colonization. Infect Control 1:239-246.
  12. McCallum, K. L., G. Schoenhals, D. Laakso, B. Clarke, and C. Whitfield. 1989. A high-molecular-weight fraction of smooth lipopolysaccharide in Klebsiella serotype O1:K20 contains a unique O-antigen epitope and determines resistance to nonspecific serum killing. Infect Immun 57:3816-22.
  13. Merino, S., S. Camprubi, S. Alberti, V. J. Benedi, and J. M. Tomas. 1992. Mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance to complement-mediated killing. Infect Immun 60:2529-35.
  14. Nassif, X., and P. J. Sansonetti. 1986. Correlation of the virulence of Klebsiella pneumoniae K1 and K2 with the presence of a plasmid encoding aerobactin. Infect Immun 54:603-8.
  15. Podschun, R., and U. Ullmann. 1998. Klebsiella spp. as nosocomial pathogens: epidemiology, taxonomy, typing methods, and pathogenicity factors. Clin Microbiol Rev 11:589-603.
  16. Sebghati, T. A., T. K. Korhonen, D. B. Hornick, and S. Clegg. 1998. Characterization of the type 3 fimbrial adhesins of Klebsiella strains. Infect Immun 66:2887-94.
  17. Yan, J. J., et al. 2001. Outbreak of infection with multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae carrying bla(IMP-8) in a university medical center in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 39:4433-4439.
  18. Yinnon, A. M., A. Butnaru, D. Raveh, Z. Jerassy, and B. Rudensky. 1996. Klebsiella bacteraemia: community versus nosocomial infection. Qjm 89:933-41.