C1 Segment of Spinal Cord
1. Gracile fasciculus（薄狀束）
2. Cuneate fasciculus（楔狀束）
3. Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經脊髓核）
4. Spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經脊髓徑）
5. Posterior spinocerebellar tract（後側脊髓小腦徑）
6. Lateral corticospinal tract（外側皮質脊髓徑）
7. Uppermost root of the spinal accessory nerve（脊髓副神經的最上根）
8. Medullary reticurospinal tract（延髓網狀脊髓徑）
9. Lateral vestibulospinal tract（外側前庭脊髓徑）
10. Pontine reticurospinal tract（橋腦網狀脊髓徑）
11. Anterior root of nerve C1（C1神經的前根）
12. Tectospinal tract（四疊體脊髓徑）
13. Medial vestibulospinal tract（內側前庭脊髓徑）
14. Anterior corticospinal tract（前側皮質脊髓徑）
15. Anterolateral pathway（前外側徑路）
16. Central autonomic pathway（中央自主徑路）
17. Posterolateral tract of Lissauer（Lissauer氏後外側徑）--- The raphespinal tract arises in the midline of the upper medulla oblongata, descends bilaterally within the posterolateral tract of Lissauer, and terminates in the posterior gray horn at all spinal segmental levels. The raphespinal tract is significant in relation to “gate control” of pain.
Spinomedullary Junction
1. Central canal and central gray matter（中央管與中央灰質）
2. Gracile fasciculus（薄狀束）
3. Paramedian column of the reticular formation（網狀結構的正中旁柱）
4. Cuneate fasciculus（楔狀束）
5. Spinal nucleus and tract of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經脊髓核與脊髓徑）
6. Posterior spinocerebellar tract（後側脊髓小腦徑）
7. Lateral column of the reticular formation（網狀結構的外側柱）
8. Medullary and pontine reticurospinal tracts（延髓與橋腦網狀脊髓徑）
9. Lateral and medial vestibulospinal tracts（外側與內側前庭脊髓徑）
10. Lateral corticospinal tract（外側皮質脊髓徑）
11. Anterior corticospinal tract（前側皮質脊髓徑）
12. Pyramidal decussation（錐體交叉）
13. Anterolateral pathway（前外側徑路）
14. Anterolateral corticospinal tract（前外側皮質脊髓徑）
15. Pyramidal tract（錐體徑）
16. Spinal lemniscus（脊髓蹄系）
17. Posterolateral tract of Lissauer（Lissauer氏後外側徑）--- The raphespinal tract descends bilaterally within the posterolateral tract of Lissauer, and is significant in relation to “gate control” of pain.
18. Central autonomic pathway（中央自主徑路）
19. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)（內側縱束）
Middle Part of Medulla Oblongata
1. Central canal and central gray matter（中央管與中央灰質）
2. Hypoglossal nucleus（舌下神經核）
3. Gracile fasciculus（薄狀束）
4. Gracile nucleus（薄狀核）
5. Solitary tract and nucleus（孤立徑與核）
6. Cuneate fasciculus（楔狀束）
7. External cuneate nucleus（楔狀外核）
8. Posterior spinocerebellar tract（後側脊髓小腦徑）
9. Spinal nucleus and tract of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經脊髓核與徑）
10. Cuneate nucleus（楔狀核）
11. Cranial root of the spinal accessory nerve（脊髓副神經的顱根）
12. Lateral vestibulospinal tracts（外側前庭脊髓徑）
13. Nucleus ambiguus（疑核）
14. Pontine reticurospinal tracts（橋腦網狀脊髓徑）
15. Hypoglossal nerve（舌下神經）
16. Internal arcuate fibers（內弓狀纖維）
17. Sensory decussation（感覺交叉）
18. Medial lemniscus（內側蹄系）
19. Pyramidal tract（錐體徑）
20. Inferior olivary nucleus（下橄欖核）
21. Lateral reticular formation（外側網狀結構）
22. Spinal lemniscus（脊髓蹄系）
23. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)（內側縱束）
24. Raphespinal tract（縫核脊髓徑）--- The raphespinal tract is moving toward the surface and then descends within the posterolateral tract of Lissauer at lower levels.
25. Paramedian reticular formation（正中旁網狀結構）
26. Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus（迷走神經背側運動核）
27. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
Upper Part of Medulla Oblongata
1. The forth ventricle（第四腦室）
2. Hypoglossal nucleus（舌下神經核）
3. Medial vestibular nucleus（內側前庭核）
4. Inferior vestibular nucleus（下側前庭核）
5. Solitary nucleus（孤立核）--- Afferents in the glossopharyngeal nerve (8) include GVA from the oropharynx, terminating in this nucleus.
6. Inferior cerebellar peduncle（下小腦腳）
7. Spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經脊髓核）--- Also seen are glossopharyngeal fibers (8) entering the spinal tract and nucleus of the trigeminal nerve; these are activated by GSA from an area of the external ear posterior to the tragus and helix.
8. Glossopharyngeal nerve（舌咽神經）
9. Inferior salivary nucleus（下唾液腺核）
10. Nucleus ambiguus（疑核）
11. Paramedian reticular formation（正中旁網狀結構）--- Cells of this area at this level give rise to the medullary reticurospinal tract seen at lower levels.
12. Pontine reticurospinal tract（橋腦網狀脊髓徑）
13. Hypoglossal nerve（舌下神經）
14. Magnus raphe nucleus（大細胞縫核） --- This nucleus sends a fountain of serotoninergic fibers into both raphespinal tracts. They seek the bilateral posterolateral tracts of Lissauer and are significant in relation to “gate control” of pain.
15. Pyramidal tract（錐體徑）
16. Medial lemniscus（內側蹄系）
17. Accessory olivary nucleus（副橄欖核）
18. Inferior olivary nucleus（下橄欖核）--- The principle cells of this (18) and above (17) nuclei give rise to the olivocerebellar tract which crosses the midline and enters the opposite inferior cerebellar peduncle.
19. Spinal lemniscus（脊髓蹄系）
20. Retroambiguus nucleus（後疑核）--- This nucleus is the expiratory center（呼氣中心）.
21. Chemoreceptive area（化學接受區）--- This area contains neurons sensitive to the carbonic acid levels in the overlying cerebrospinal fluid.
22. Rubro-olivary fibers（紅核橄欖核纖維）
23. Inspiratory center（吸氣中心）--- It is a group of reticular neurons in the solitary nucleus.
24. Dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus（迷走神經背側運動核）
25. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)（內側縱束）
26. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
Pontomedullary Junction
1. The forth ventricle（第四腦室）
2. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
3. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)（內側縱束）
4. Lateral and superior vestibular nuclei（外側與上側前庭核）
5. Lateral vestibulospinal tract（外側前庭脊髓徑）
6. Dorsal cochlear nucleus（背側耳蝸神經核）
7. Pontine reticurospinal tract（橋腦網狀脊髓徑）
8. Inferior cerebellar peduncle（下小腦腳）
9. Spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經脊髓徑）
10. Ventral cochlear nucleus（腹側耳蝸神經核）
11. Cochlear nerve（耳蝸神經）
12. Vestibular nerve（前庭神經）
13. Lateral reticular nucleus（外側網狀核）
14. Basilar pons（基底橋腦）
15. Facial nerve（顏面神經）
16. Ventral trigeminothalamic tract（腹側三叉丘腦徑）--- This tract comprises axons that originate in the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve and cross to accompany the spinal lemniscus. It is homologue, for the head and upper neck regions, of the lateral spinothalamic tract, signaling painful, thermal and/or light touch stimulation of peripheral nerve endings.
17. Abducens nerve（外展神經）
18. Superior olivary nucleus（上橄欖核）
19. Caudal pontine reticular nucleus（尾側橋腦網狀核） --- It, together with the oral pontine reticular nucleus at a higher level, gives rise to the pontine reticurospinal tract.
20. Trapezoid body（斜方體）
21. Medial lemniscus（內側蹄系）
22. Pyramidal tract（錐體徑）
23. Transverse pontine fibers（橋腦橫行纖維）
24. Nuclei pontis（橋腦核）
25. Spinal lemniscus（脊髓蹄系）
26. Ventral trigeminothalamic tract（腹側三叉丘腦徑）
27. Lateral lemniscus（外側蹄系）
28. Central tegmental tract（中央蓋徑）--- It, containing rubro-olivary fibers, continues its descent from the ipsilateral red nucleus to the inferior and accessory olivary nuclei.
29. Superior cerebellar peduncle（上小腦腳）
30. Solitary tract and nucleus（孤立徑與核）
31. Pontine raphe nucleus（橋腦縫核）--- From this nucleus, serotoninergic fibers are distributed to the pons and cerebellum.
32. Fibers of hypothalamic origin（源自下視丘的纖維）--- They are descending in the DLF (2).
Mid-Pons
1. The forth ventricle（第四腦室）
2. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)（內側縱束）
3. Facial colliculus（顏面神經丘）
4. Abducens nucleus（外展神經核）
5. Paramedian pontine reticular formation（正中旁網狀結構）--- PPRF or pontine gaze center enables saccades (glances) toward the same side.
6. Superior cerebellar peduncle（上小腦腳）
7. Superior vestibular nucleus（上側前庭核）
8. Lateral vestibular nucleus（外側前庭核）
9. Inferior cerebellar peduncle（下小腦腳）
10. Spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經脊髓徑）
11. Medial vestibular nucleus（內側前庭核）
12. Gustatory (taste) fibers（味覺纖維）--- They leave the intermediate nerve to enter the uppermost part of the solitary tract and nucleus (gustatory nucleus) (27).
13. Superior salivary nucleus（上唾液腺核） is sending secretomotor fibers (13) alongside the gustatory fibers.
14. Intermediate nerve（中間神經）
15. Superior olivary nucleus（上橄欖核）
16. Paramedian reticular formation（正中旁網狀結構）
17. Abducens nerve（外展神經）
18. Trapezoid body（斜方體）
19. Longitudinal pontine fibers（橋腦縱行纖維）--- The pyramidal tract is parceled into fascicles by transverse fibers
20. Corticopontine fibers（皮質橋腦纖維）--- They continue to synapse upon pontine nuclei (23).
21. Medial lemniscus（內側蹄系）
22. Ventral trigeminothalamic tract（腹側三叉丘腦徑）
23. Nuclei pontis（橋腦核）
24. Spinal lemniscus（脊髓蹄系）
25. Lateral lemniscus（外側蹄系）
26. Central tegmental tract（中央蓋徑）
27. Gustatory nucleus（味覺核）
28. Pontine raphe nucleus（橋腦縫核）--- It is sending serotoninergic fibers to supply the pons and cerebellum.
29. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
Upper Pons
1. The forth ventricle（第四腦室）
2. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
3. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)（內側縱束）
4. Oral pontine reticular nucleus（口側橋腦網狀核） --- It gives rise to the pontine reticurospinal tract.
5. Superior cerebellar peduncle（上小腦腳）
6. Lateral parabrachial nucleus（外側臂旁核）--- Cells of the parabrachial nuclei lie adjacent the superior cerebellar peduncle. The lateral parabrachial nucleus receives input mainly from general visceral nuclei in caudal regions of the nucleus solitarius. The medial parabrachial nucleus receives afferents from the gustatory nucleus. Then, they transfer the information to the thalamus, hypothalamus and amygdala.
7. Mesencephalic tract of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經中腦徑）
8. Principle sensory (pontine) nucleus of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經主要感覺或橋腦核）--- It serves tactile and pressure functions for the face, mouth and nose supplied by the sensory root (11). Cells in the dorsomedial part of this nucleus give rise to a small bundle of uncrossed fibers which ascend and form the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract. Cells in the ventral part of this nucleus give rise to a larger, entirely crossed bundle of fibers which join into the above-mentioned ventral trigeminothalamic tract.
9. Motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經運動核）--- This branchial efferent nucleus sends the motor root (11) to the muscles of mastification.
10. Sensory root of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經感覺根）
11. Motor root of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經運動根）
12. Pontine raphe nucleus（橋腦縫核）--- It is sending serotoninergic fibers to supply the pons and cerebellum.
13. Transverse pontine fibers（橋腦橫行纖維）
14. Longitudinal pontine fibers（橋腦縱行纖維）--- The pyramidal tract is parceled into fascicles by transverse fibers
15. Corticopontine fibers（皮質橋腦纖維）--- They continue to synapse upon pontine nuclei (17).
16. Medial lemniscus（內側蹄系）
17. Nuclei pontis（橋腦核）
18. Spinal lemniscus（脊髓蹄系）
19. Lateral lemniscus（外側蹄系）
20. Ventral trigeminothalamic tract（腹側三叉丘腦徑）--- Above this level, the ventral trigeminothalamic tract, combined with the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract, is called the trigeminal lemniscus（三叉蹄系）.
21. Central tegmental tract（中央蓋徑）
22. Locus ceruleus（藍斑核）= Substantia ferruginea（銹質）= Nucleus pigmentous（色素核）
23. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
Lower Midbrain
1. Trochlear decussation（滑車交叉）
2. Cerebral aqueduct（大腦導水管）
3. Ventrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray matter（導水管周質的腹外側部）--- This region contains enkephalinergic neurons projecting to the magnus raphe nucleus of the medulla with a significant role in the suppression of pain sensation.
4. Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經中腦核）
5. Principle sensory (pontine) nucleus of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經主要感覺或橋腦核）
6. Trochlear nucleus（滑車神經核）
7. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)（內側縱束）
8. Tectospinal tract（四疊體脊髓徑）
9. Mesencephalic raphe nucleus（中腦縫核）--- It sends an enormous serotoninergic projection to both cerebral hemispheres via the medial forebrain bundle.
10. Compact part of the substansia nigra（黑質的緻密部）
11. Reticular part of the substansia nigra（黑質的網狀部）
12. Basis pedunculi（基腳）= Crus cerebri（大腦腳）
13. Ventral tegmental nuclei（腹蓋核）--- They contain mesocortical dopaminergic neurons projecting to the frontal cortex, and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (a ventral part of the corpus striatum).
14. Interpeduncular nucleus（腳間核）
15. The decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles（上小腦腳交叉）
16. Corticopontine fibers（皮質橋腦纖維）
17. Corticonuclear fibers（皮質網狀纖維）
18. Corticospinal fibers（皮質脊髓纖維）
19. Corticopontine fibers（皮質橋腦纖維）
20. Medial lemniscus（內側蹄系）
21. Central tegmental tract（中央蓋徑）
22. Spinal lemniscus（脊髓蹄系）
23. Trigeminal lemniscus（三叉蹄系）
24. Lateral lemniscus（外側蹄系）
25. Inferior colliculus（下丘）
26. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
Upper Midbrain
1. Cerebral aqueduct and periaqueductal gray matter（大腦導水管與導水管周質）
2. Oculomotor nucleus（動眼神經核）
3. Cuneiform nucleus（楔狀核）--- It projects upward within the central tegmental tract to participate in arousal mechanisms (ARAS = ascending reticular activating system) at thalamic level. 【Reticular Nuclei Involving the ARAS ® Central tegmental tract ® Thalamic intralaminar nuclei (especially the central median nucleus) ® Neostriatum, Cerebral anterior lobe, and Parietal cortex】
4. Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經中腦核）
5. Principle sensory (pontine) nucleus of the trigeminal nerve（三叉神經主要感覺或橋腦核）
6. Medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)（內側縱束）
7. Tectospinal tract（四疊體脊髓徑）
8. Compact part of the substansia nigra（黑質的緻密部）
9. Reticular part of the substansia nigra（黑質的網狀部）
10. Basis pedunculi（基腳）= Crus cerebri（大腦腳）
11. Oculomotor nerve（滑車神經）--- It traverses the red nucleus prior to emergence in the interpeduncular forssa.
12. Ventral tegmental nuclei（腹蓋核）--- They contain mesocortical dopaminergic neurons projecting to the frontal cortex, and mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens (a ventral part of the corpus striatum).
13. Interpeduncular nucleus（腳間核）
14. Mesencephalic raphe nucleus（中腦縫核）--- It sends an enormous serotoninergic projection to both cerebral hemispheres via the medial forebrain bundle.
15. Corticopontine fibers（皮質橋腦纖維）
16. Corticonuclear fibers（皮質網狀纖維）
17. Corticospinal fibers（皮質脊髓纖維）
18. Corticopontine fibers（皮質橋腦纖維）
19. Rubrothalamic fibers（紅核丘腦纖維）--- They ascend in the central tegmental tract and project to the thalamic VLc, VPLo and area X.
20. Dentatothalamic fibers of the crossed superior cerebellar peduncle（上小腦腳交叉後的齒狀核丘腦纖維）--- They have bypassed the red nucleus and directly project to the thalamic VLc, VPLo and area X. However, some dentate projecting fibers (not shown here) enter the red nucleus.
21. Medial lemniscus（內側蹄系）
22. Trigeminal lemniscus（三叉蹄系）
23. Spinal lemniscus（脊髓蹄系）
24. Spinotectal tract（脊髓四疊體徑）
25. Superior colliculus（上丘）
26. Edinger-Westphal nucleus（Edinger-Westphal氏核）
27. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
Midbrain-Thalamic Junction
1. Pineal gland（松果腺）
2. The third ventricle（第三腦室）
3. Thalamus（丘腦）
4. Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)（背側縱束）
5. Pretectal olivary nucleus（四疊體前橄欖核）
6. Medial forebrain bundle（內側前腦束）--- It contains fibers passing to and from the hypothalamic area. It merges with the central tegmental tract.
7. Upward gaze center（向上凝視中心）
8. Downward gaze center（向下凝視中心）--- The two centers receive a crossed projection from an eye field in the frontal lobe and they synapse bilaterally upon the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei.
9. Compact part of the substansia nigra（黑質的緻密部）
10. Reticular part of the substansia nigra（黑質的網狀部）
11. Fasciculus retroflexus（後屈束）
12. Interpeduncular nucleus（腳間核）
13. Red nucleus（紅核）
14. Frontopontine fibers（額葉橋腦纖維）
15. Corticonuclear fibers（皮質網狀纖維）
16. Corticospinal fibers（皮質脊髓纖維）
17. Parieto-, occipito-, and temporopontine fibers（頂葉、枕葉與顳葉橋腦纖維）
18. Lateral geniculate body（外側膝狀體）
19. Dentatothalamic fibers（齒狀核丘腦纖維）
20. Inferior brachium（下丘臂）
21. Medial geniculate body（內側膝狀體）
22. Ventral posterior nucleus of the thalamus（丘腦的腹後側核）--- It receives the medial, spinal and trigeminal lemnisci (23).
23. Medial, spinal and trigeminal lemnisci（內側、脊髓與三叉蹄系）
24. Centromedian nucleus of the thalamus（丘腦的中央正中核）--- It projects to the subthalamic nucleus (25) and the lentiform nucleus.
25. Subthalamic nucleus（視丘下核）
26. Habenular nucleus（韁核）
27. Habenular commissure（韁連合）